Food Ingredients
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Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste and appearance. Some additives have been used for centuries; for example, preserving food by pickling (withvinegar), salting, as with bacon, preserving sweets or using sulfur dioxide as in some wines. With the advent of processed foods in the second half of the 20th century, many more additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin.
Food additives can be divided into several groups, although there is some overlap between them.
Food acids are added to make flavors "sharper", and also act as preservatives and antioxidants. Common food acids include vinegar, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, andlactic acid.
Acidity regulatorsAcidity regulators are used to change or otherwise control the acidity and alkalinity of foods.
Anticaking agentsAnticaking agents keep powders such as milk powder from caking or sticking.
Antifoaming agentsAntifoaming agents reduce or prevent foaming in foods.
AntioxidantsAntioxidants such as vitamin C act as preservatives by inhibiting the effects of oxygen on food, and can be beneficial to health.
Bulking agentsBulking agents such as starch are additives that increase the bulk of a food without affecting its taste.
Food coloringColorings are added to food to replace colors lost during preparation, or to make food look more attractive.
Color retention agentsIn contrast to colorings, color retention agents are used to preserve a food's existing color.
EmulsifiersEmulsifiers allow water and oils to remain mixed together in an emulsion, as in mayonnaise, ice cream, and homogenized milk.
FlavorsFlavors are additives that give food a particular taste or smell, and may be derived from natural ingredients or created artificially.
Flavor enhancers enhance a food's existing flavors. They may be extracted from natural sources (through distillation, solvent extraction, maceration, among other methods) or created artificially.
Flour treatment agentsFlour treatment agents are added to flour to improve its color or its use in baking.
Glazing agentsGlazing agents provide a shiny appearance or protective coating to foods.
HumectantsHumectants prevent foods from drying out.
Tracer gasTracer gas allow for package integrity testing to prevent foods from being exposed to atmosphere, thus guaranteeing shelf life.
PreservativesPreservatives prevent or inhibit spoilage of food due to fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms.
StabilizersStabilizers, thickeners and gelling agents, like agar or pectin (used in jam for example) give foods a firmer texture. While they are not true emulsifiers, they help to stabilize emulsions.
SweetenersSweeteners are added to foods for flavoring. Sweeteners other than sugar are added to keep the food energy (calories) low, or because they have beneficial effects for diabetes mellitus andtooth decay and diarrhea.
ThickenersThickeners are substances which, when added to the mixture, increase its viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties.
FOOD INGREDIENTS
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